Chapter 2
What are the hazards of lone working?
The most common hazards faced by lone workers vary according to industry and job role. However, the top causes of workplace accidents, incidents and fatalities are fairly consistent around the world.
Lone working hazards include:
- Violence and aggression from clients or members of the public
- Spills, cables and other tripping hazards
- Working at heights such as ladders, scaffolding and roofing
- Operating machinery and equipment
- Working with electricity, chemicals and other harmful substances
- Heavy lifting, repetitive movements and vibrations
- Working around vehicles
- Driving for work
According to HSE statistics 2023/24:
- 138 workers were killed at work
- 604,000 workers sustained an injury at work according to the Labour Force Survey
- 61,663 injuries to employees were reported under RIDDOR
The biggest risk factors in the workplace
The biggest workplace risk factors for employees in the UK are accidental injury, acts of violence or a health emergency.
The most common cause of injury was slips, trips and falls (31%) followed by handling, lifting or carrying (17%). Being struck by a moving object (10%), violence (9%) and falls from height (8%) were also significant causes of non-fatal workplace injury.
A health emergency, such as a heart attack or stroke, can occur anytime and requires immediate medical assistance.
Violence at work
Violence and threats are even more common than sustaining injury at work. According to HSE Violence at work statistics, 642,000 incidents of violence were reported by employees in 2023/24. According to the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) 279,000 people experienced violence at work.
35% of these resulted in injury, most commonly a black eye or minor bruising. Other injuries – which account for 14% of the total reported – included stab wounds, broken bones, nose bleeds, broken noses, lost teeth, dislocation, concussion or loss of consciousness, internal injuries, and facial and head injuries.
According to The Lone Worker Landscape Report – 20% of reported lone worker incidents in 2024 were the result of violence, aggression or abuse from others – up from 11% in 2021.
Who is most at risk from violence at work?
The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) showed that respondents in protective service occupations (such as police officers) faced by far the highest risk of assaults and threats while working, at 8.8% – 8 times the average risk of 1.1%. Health and social care specialists and health professionals also had higher than average risk at 4.4%.
According to the CSEW, these professions have consistently had higher than average risk rates over the last number of years. The majority of incidents of violence against workers – 60% – is committed by someone who not known to the victim.
As an employer, you have a duty of care to ensure that all staff are safe at work, no matter what their role is. Risk Assessments can help you understand the specific dangers faced by your employees in different situations and enable you to put measures in place to mitigate any risks.
What are the risks of lone working?
Workplace hazards such as injury or violence can pose an increased risk to lone workers because there is no one to intervene or call for help in an emergency.
How many lone workers are attacked every day?
The British Crime Survey estimates that as many as 150 lone workers are physically or verbally attacked every day in the UK alone. This equates to 54,750 lone workers attacked in the UK every year. Unfortunately, lone workers are more vulnerable to violence and aggression due to the nature of their work or being seen as easier targets.
The Lone Worker Landscape Report also revealed that 64% of organisations have experienced an incident involving a lone worker in the past three years.
Not only can attacks result in physical injury, but violence towards lone workers can result in stress, anxiety, fear and depression. This in turn can lead to sick leave, loss of confidence low productivity and problems with staff retention.
How high risk is lone working?
Lone workers face similar types of risks to non-lone working employees – however, as any risks are faced alone they are more vulnerable. Our research suggests 29% of lone workers feel unsafe at least once a year.
Lone working is considered a higher-risk activity for a variety of reasons. Lone workers may be more susceptible to attack because they are seen as easy targets. If they suffer an accident or other emergency, there is no one with them to help or call for assistance. A lone employee may take on more physical work, such as lifting than they are capable of because no one is there to help and then hurt themselves as a result.
What types of risks do lone workers face?
The main risks associated with lone working include people, environmental risks and ill health.
People risk
Unfortunately, lone workers are at higher risk of violence and aggression and are often regarded as easier targets. This could be down to the nature of their work, such as working with vulnerable members of the public and behind closed doors (social, housing and outreach workers for example) or working with large amounts of money (retail, bar, hospitality and security staff).
Our research has shown that violence and aggression is the number one safety concern for lone workers. According to the Crime Survey for England and Wales, an estimated 1.1% of working adults have been the victim of one or more violent incidents at work.
Environmental risk
Lone workers are at risk from workplace hazards such as slips, trips and falls, heavy lifting and electrocution. Working alone poses a challenge in regard to receiving immediate assistance and medical support if an accident does occur.
Ill health
Similarly, if a lone worker suffers from a medical emergency such as a heart attack or fainting, receiving immediate support and alerting emergency services could prove difficult without nearby colleagues, particularly if working remotely or out of sight and sound.
Risks of lone working in different environments
Different environments pose different sets of risks for lone working staff and in many industries, the dangers faced by staff – especially violence – are increasing. Here we examine the risks posed in some common lone working roles.
Risks of lone working in the community
Many lone workers visit clients in their homes, placing them at higher risk of violence, aggression and hostage situations, particularly if working with vulnerable individuals.
Entering a client’s home comes with an element of the unknown. There could be aggressive animals present in the home, trip hazards, aggression and hostility from individuals within the property and potential alcohol and substance abuse.
In a study published by the BMJ Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 22% of domiciliary care workers reported at least one incident of verbal abuse by clients or their relatives in the previous 12 months. Heightened risk factors included cramped client living conditions, clients with dementia and limited mobility. Interestingly, workers with predictable working hours had a 26% lower risk of being verbally abused – indicating that workers who have changeable rotas are at an increased risk.
Other community workers such as social workers, community nurses and charity workers are also vulnerable to similar risks. This can be particularly true for those working in environments where drugs, alcohol and mental health issues could be involved.
Many community workers also drive between appointments and so are at risk of being involved in a road traffic accident whilst at work – especially those who drive at night.